Case Study: Identifying Ethical Code and Issues in Leadership

The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success Summary - Case Study: Identifying Ethical Code and Issues in Leadership

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While ethics has been a study topic for over 2500 years, dating back to the time of Socrates and Plato, many ethicists now reconsider emerging ethical beliefs to be values that guide how one ought to behave. Many philosophers reconsider ethics to be the "science of conduct."

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The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success Summary

Organizational ethics are standards that govern an organization's behavior. These standards can apply directly to an organization, or even to an industry at large. Many organizational leaders find codes of ethics to be the most effective way to encourage ethical organizational behavior. A leader must establish, communicate, and sustain such a code straight through his or her organization's wide climate.

It is the anticipation about ethical behavior that often signifies a broader standard. According to Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn (2000), "Ethical behavior conforms not only to the dictates of law but also to a broader moral code that is coarse to community as a whole." The societal code of conduct usually parallels the written laws, but sometimes the ethical code of a human sector can plainly be invisibly instilled straight through generations of teaching and preaching.

Review of "Organizational Behavior" by Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn

As an authority, author and researcher Hunt Schermerhorn made a relationship between moral and amoral behavior in an club straight through ethics mindfulness in the leadership that was involved. It is very foremost that leaders understand that their followers must gain comprehension into their ways of mental and the behaviors they are likely to engage when working with others.

Summary of Schermerhorn's understanding

The normal definition of Schermerhorn's comprehension was, "Ethical behavior conforms not only to the dictates of law but also to a broader moral code that is coarse to community as a whole". In one of his singular compilations, Schermerhorn, et al. Identifies "four ways of mental about ethical behavior in and by organization" (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2000).

The Utilitarian view

Utilitarianism derives its meaning from the word utility and, when used to divulge a form of ethics, it speaks of an act that is weighed by its moral worth. The utilitarian ethical doctrine opposes principled philosophies that allow the conscience to resolve right and wrong. It also opposes philosophies that resolve the righteousness of an act based on its contribution to happiness or satisfaction for its doer. The total outcome of this view is often measured by the phrase "the many good for many whole of people".

The Individualism view

The golden rule ethical doctrine emerged in the Judeo-Christian tradition, and teaches that everybody should "love your neighbor as yourself." This philosophy's central tenant is that an personel should be as humane as possible and never harm others straight through insensitive actions. An off-shoot from the personel perspective, Christianity teaches that all persons are created in the image and likeness of God gives justification for protecting and promoting human dignity. It has been said by discrete authorities that, "to be a good person, one must take ethics seriously" (Hausman & McPherson, 1993).

The Moral ownership view

Absolute moral law was a doctrine that stresses it is a crucial moral duty that trumps personel desire in producing a humanitarian community based on reason. This ideas argues that right is never wrong and must be closed under any circumstances. Consistency is the key, and once a guideline is thought about for an action or idea, all behaviors and beliefs must always be applied in accordance.

It was the late 1970s that brought about a view of ethics that left them no place in the business world. It was proven, over time, that "business ethics served a needed communal and business function" and straight through this realization the communal concept has embraced, developed, and largely integrated business ethics into the majority of corporations (DeGeorge, 2000).

The Justice View

This doctrine was developed to give an alternative perspective to utilitarianism, and was also referred to as the veil of ignorance. Under this viewpoint, all people are equal; therefore, no class of people is entitled to unique advantages over any others. It usually emphasizes the significance of moral argument, especially in political thinking.

Relation of my organization's ethical code to Schermerhorn's view

My organization's ethical code speaks to discipline with an ethic of entrepreneurship that tends to produce great results. This trust is more in line with the Moral ownership view expressed by the popular author, John R. Schermerhorn, (et al.), a chief authority in the study of ethics and ethical behavior.

In a similar vein, just as the business leaders of today carry on diversity, not only because it "makes good business sense as a strategic imperative", but also because it addressed legal and moral issues as well (Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, 2000).

I believe that my organization's ethics code subscribes to the Moral ownership singular view, because issues with regard to the moral ownership and duties between the company, its contractors, and its shareholders are the driving soldiery that "ensure delivery of capability products and services to the warfighter".

Responsibilities and privileges of leaders

Leaders will frequently have extra relationships with an in-group of assistants and subordinates, who get high levels of responsibility and passage to resources. Characteristics of the in-group often include empathy, patience, sensitivity, and responsibility. In-group employees work harder, are more committed to task objectives, and share more menagerial functions. In return, they are foreseen, to be wholly committed and loyal to their leader. They are mostly thought about the trusted associations of the leader.

Leadership skills impact vision, organizational effectiveness, and strategy. The exam and comparison of the key aspects of the Leader-Member replacement (Lme) ideas showcased leaders' responsibilities and privileges - their use, authority and power - which in case,granted an opportunity to think strategically and comprehensively about leadership.

"The changing demographics of today's workforce make managing diversity effectively a key strategic issue for organizations. The facility of the current study is that leadership-specifically, inclusive forms of leadership-is valuable for successfully leveraging diverse human capital. In increasing to the moral discussion for developing an inclusive work environment, the results of the present study suggest that inclusive leaders can also help the bottom line" (Nishii & Mayer, 2009).

Expected ethical decision development process

The process of guiding others can begin with sharing foresight and strategy with all in the organization. Strategy can focus on the areas of change; for example, a change in the dress code or the work environment can begin a cultural change that can introduce an ethical doctrine into the picture. This chain of events usually influences the decision-making processes of today's American organizational leaders. As leaders face crises regularly, they need to institution ethical and moral decision development and reconsider the needs of employees, customers, stakeholders, shareholders, and even the community.

Consideration of gender issues in leadership

Women-versus-men as leaders is a catch-22, at best. Most authorities are bound by the very same diversity, ethics, and gender issues that leadership must succumb to and handle. Therefore, the studies that are most often cited state the conclusion of their study as showing that male and female leaders are equally effective. Still, women are less likely to be pre-selected as leaders, and followers often rate the same leadership behavior higher for men than women (Kolb, J. 1997, p 504).

Regardless of researchers' sustain of or opposition to gender relation theories in organizational development, sexuality continues to influence organizational control and organizational leaders must accept its role in organizational growth. Leaders can help bring up gender sensitivity within their companies. Organizational leaders will need to correlate their environments and be aware of developments that influence ever-changing gender-related concerns.

Brief divulge of the culture

Leaders need to deal with two major cultural aspects on a daily basis: organizational culture and cultural diversity. Leaders need to thought about adopt strategies to carry on both types of culture. Organizational culture is a unifying force that strongly appeals to whole club and is the sum total of the organizational image. With more and more organizations going global, cultural diversity is fast becoming ordinary in most organizations.

Possible obstacles gender may have on effective leadership

Many of the customary ways of talking and mental about leadership can continue to mask the strengths women bring to being thriving as leaders. The results of some studies show that with or without early occupation support, women have closed amazing achievements in their respective fields. What is foremost to keep in the leadership mind is that it is the leaders' own tenacity and optimism that play an foremost role in their accomplishments - any other traits, especially graphic ones, are secondary and usually irrelevant.

References

DeGeorge, R. (2000). business Ethics and the Challenge of the facts Age. business Ethics Quarterly, 10(1), pp. 63-72.

Hausman, D. & McPherson, M. (June 1993). Taking Ethics Seriously: Economics and contemporary Moral Philosophy. Journal of Economic Literature, (31)2 (Jun. 1993), pp. 671-731;

Kolb, J. (1997). Are we still stereotyping leadership? Small Group Research, 28(3), 370-371.

Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2008). Leadership Challenge (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc. (Wiley).

Nishii, L., & Mayer, D. (2009). Do Inclusive Leaders Help to sacrifice Turnover in Diverse Groups? The Moderating Role of Leader-Member replacement in the Diversity to Turnover Relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1412-1426. Retrieved from business Source Premier database.

Northouse, P. (2007). Leadership: ideas and institution (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Schermerhorn, Jr., Hunt, J., & Osborn, R. (2000). Organizational behavior. (7th Ed.). Ny: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Retrieved December 13, 2009, from Argosy Online L7101 Xb: Foundations in Leadership Document Sharing and http://www.amazon.com/Organizational-Behavior-John-R-Schermerhorn/dp/0471681709#noop.

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Leadership Insights from the Apostle Paul

The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success - Leadership Insights from the Apostle Paul

Good evening. Today, I learned all about The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success - Leadership Insights from the Apostle Paul. Which may be very helpful if you ask me and also you. Leadership Insights from the Apostle Paul

The Pauline letters were addressed to small groups of people that he knew by name (Timothy, Titus, and Philemon) as well as large audiences (Romans, Corinthians, Galatians). These letters contribute understanding into why leaders exist and what knowledge, skills, and abilities are important to leaders today. In each letter Paul attempts to answer questions about the 'meaning of life' such as sin (Romans 3:9), faith (Romans 3:22), marriage (Romans 7:2, 1 Corinthians 7), unity (1 Corinthians 1:10), spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12), and leisure (Galatians 5:17). After considered dissecting Pauline letters to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Thessalonians, and Philemon I identified a set of characteristics that he viewed as being vital to the improvement of Christian leaders. Effective leadership traits are as varied and numerous, not to mention subtle, as the human mind and heart themselves. No list will ever be complete, nor will it be the best suited for each private reader - these 5 characteristics are by no means exhaustive. However, they serve to recite the power and promise that Paul offers: compassion, self-Awareness, righteousness by faith, commitment, and community. The biblical quotations in this report are from the King James Version of The Holy Bible.

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The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success

Compassion through Spiritual Unity

Millions of American mailboxes are stuffed daily with letters from non-profit organizations in order to raise funds for the less fortunate. The Jewish Christians near Jerusalem were reportedly on the edge of starvation. Paul referred to them as "the poor saints" which are at Jerusalem. (Romans 15:26). In taking his range for the poor, Paul generally appealed to the Christian responsibility to help those in need. He sought to seize the opening for Gentile Christians to reach out in compassion and demonstrate spiritual unity. Paul did not engineer a mass mail charity event but he did gift a direct request for retrial for funds (Romans 15:25-26, 1 Corinthians 16:1, 2 Corinthians 8:1 - 9:15). He takes his request for retrial a bit further in 2 Corinthians 9:6 by illustrating the bonuses of giving - "He which soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly; and he which soweth boutifully shall reap also bountifully." Paul shows that generosity benefits the giver in that a gift can serve as an act of worship to God and inspire the faith of others.

Compassionate leadership is acting in the interest of your followers, your peers, and your organization. This is the boss for whom the employees are willing to work their hardest. "Loyalty and devotion to task and grow out of trust and the knowledge of safety that comes from the employment relationship." (Winston, 2002). The employees can feel the hold for them and are compelled to give their full hold in return. This manager brings out the best in her subordinates by their example.

Self-Awareness

General awareness, confidence, and especially self-awareness develop the Christian leader. "The leader must first make peace in his own life before he can successfully make peace in his organization. A leader in conflict with himself is a house divided." (Winston, 2002, p. 82). Leaders must be willing to considered scrutinize their values and how they can move their assosication in the direction of a foresight that is unwavering. Effective Leaders lead with a purpose rather than "run like a man running aimlessly" (1 Corinthians 9:26-27). From the biblical sense this means that we live for His purpose, not ours. As Christians, we identify that our need for Christ will bring us beyond our failures so we can grow increasingly effective. As we grow in Christ, we will come to be aware of our futility and inadequacy as human beings.

In Romans 14:1-2, Paul reminds us that Christians do not have to agree on all matters pertaining to the Christian life and continues by describing the variation in the middle of a strong and weak Christian. In an effort to clarify the role of diversity in God's allembracing plan of redemption Paul uses faith as a sense of insurance of reliance where the proper understanding of the gospel allows the strong Christian to identify that his diet has no spiritual significance. (Romans 14:2, Colossian 2:16).

Righteousness by Faith

Paul uses the Greek verb "justified" 27 times, mostly in Romans and Galatians. The term describes what happens when person believes in Christ as his Savior. Paul emphasizes two unavoidable points. First, no one lives a exquisite life. "For all have sinned, and come short of the Glory of God." (Romans 3:24). Secondly, even though we are all sinners, God will articulate every person who puts his trust in Jesus not guilty but righteous. The central concept in justification is that, although we deserve to be declared guilty (Romans 3:9-19), because of our faith in Christ God declares us righteous. In Galatians 2:16 Paul uses the verb justified three times, three times this verse tells us that no one is justified by observing the law, and three times it underscores the vital requirement of placing our faith in Christ.

Commitment to the increase

Christian leaders believe that people have an intrinsic value beyond their tangible contributions as workers. As such, leaders are deeply committed to a personal, professional, and spiritual increase of each and every private within the organization. Every Christian is obligated to be the best he can be for God. Like any other worthwhile activity, if leadership can be improved, we should seek to heighten it. In doing so, we put in order ourselves for higher aid that may be just nearby the corner. Romans 12:1 issues an imperative to leaders: "present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, accepted unto God, which is your inexpensive service." The verb "present" is followed by 36 verbs that specify what happens when we obey one of which is suited here.

First, exert yourself to lead - "Or he that exhorteth, on exhortation...he that ruleth, with diligence..." (Romans 12:8). This is a summons to dive wholeheartedly into leadership. Exhort others with an uplifting, cheerful call to worthwhile accomplishment.

Building Community

Christian leaders are aware that the shift from local communities to large institutions as the original shaper of human lives has changed our perceptions and caused a sort of loss. 1 Corinthians 1: 10-13 begins the theme of being united in mind and purpose. "Divisions within the community betray the purpose for which Christ was crucified: to unite every person in one body, the body of Christ." (Matera, 2001, p.10). Leaders should seek to identify a means for building community among those who work within a given institution. I believe that Paul was conveying one body working together - emphasizing unity - but I also believe that he illustrates the lessons to be learned from the community. "If I were a single member, were would the body be...The eye cannot say to the hand, 'I have no need of you'..." (I Corinthians 12:19 - 21). Can we get along in life without hands? Yes, but we would have to make adjustments...learn to use prosthetic limbs or find alternative methods to picking up objects. Though the body remains incomplete, it survives. However, the strongest hands are worthless without the body. The hands need the signals generated by the brain and the food in case,granted by the blood.

The bottom line is that a body without hands can manage, but a hand without a body is inconceivable. Diverse churches such as Corinth are aware of the differences among its membership, which is why Paul's letter stressed unity issues that still plague churches today. The explication is to respect each other and take direction from Jesus Christ, the head.

Organizational Transformation Concepts Of Paul

How do leaders address the people side of convert without jeopardizing the enterprise side of change? How can a leader make the tough decisions without losing sight of the emotions and concerns of his followers? important convert is largely about production sense of contentious views. "Change cannot be managed, it emerges. Managers are part of the system, not covering the system." (Cameron, 2004, p. 123). It is about developing a style that builds trust through authenticity and right balance. Of course, given the tensions that are continually in play, there will be circumstances that wish more emphasis on one of the contentious competencies than on the other. It's not possible to be perfectly in balance all the time. But it's an ideal worth striving for. "When leaders focus on establishing trust, they are good able to deal with both the structural and the human elements of change. Instead of taking a one-sided approach, leaders find they can be both tough and empathetic, committed to the plan and understanding of the pain. They come to be agile and resilient, and able to do what it takes to lead through convert and transition." (Bunker and Wakefield, 2006, p. 3).

Diversity Concepts Of Paul

In his letter to the Galatians, Paul reveals the equality of Christian life very optimistically. Paul does not recite the sins that that took place in Corinth. But rather he observes other dangers in the Galatians' thinking: "I marvel that you are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto an additional one Gospel." (Galatians 1:6). By some unnecessarily stressing their Jewish heritage, the sell out of Christ would begin to diminish -faith in Christ would come to be one of the many steps in salvation and not the only one. Paul feared that subtle differences in the middle of Christians would begin to have priority as observed in Galatians 2:12 when Peter spurned the Gentiles because he feared the Judaizers.

Paul also stresses that those baptized in Christ are "...neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female..." (Galatians 3:28). Jesus came to tear down walls in the middle of people - the unity in Christ transcends ethnic, public and sexual distinctions. (Romans 10:12, 1 Corinthians 12:13, Ephesians 2:15-16). We are called to faithfulness in our relationships - supporting and encouraging each other, accepting one an additional one recognizing there are no second-class Christians. Faith in Christ and not anyone's set of laws opens the door to acceptance by God. (Galatians 2:16).

Strategy Formation Concepts Of Paul

In a time when the church is threatened by interest groups and ideologies, and when parishes are in danger of being divided by the same, the Pauline letters summons contemporary congregations to find their unity in the crucified Christ. Christians in Paul's day debated such issues as vegetarianism, eating meat sacrificed to idols, and celebrating pagan festival days. Even today we continue to quarrel over issues such as smoking, urban music, and hip-hop clothing. The advice Paul gives in Romans 14:1-4 to both weak and strong Christians of his day applies to people in all cultures who debate questionable issues - do not judge another.

Strategy formation (thinking, planning, and implementation) is a characteristic that enables Christian leaders to understand lessons from the past, the realities of the present, and the likely consequence of a decision in the future. It is deeply rooted in the intuitive mind. Strategy formation involves the leader's potential to visualize the end succeed of the policies and methods he advocates. The leader looks to understand how the policies will work on time to come generations. "[Strategy formation] is a clear photograph of what the leader sees his or her group being or doing" (Maxwell, 1993, p. 149).

Paul Among Jews, Gentiles, and Modern-day Christians

The issue of either to engage in the Gentile mission and the ask of how to receive the Gentiles caused serious tensions during the early Christian Church. Paul's struggle was to defend the gospel of which the basic principle is to accept others as they are. In Paul's case this consisted of the Gentiles. For the contemporary church the basis of acceptance revolves nearby such issues as race, gender, ethnicity, and public status. The Pauline letters play an important role in the New Testament and in the modern-day congregation. Of the 27 writings that make-up the New Testament, nearly half are attributed to Paul. "Paul's unfolding theology of inclusivity still has much to lead to our effort to remain right as Christians and at the same time come to be good citizens of the global hamlet - citizens who are willing and able to see vital authenticity in others, as Paul saw a glance of it long ago." (Park, 2003, p. 80).

References

Bunker, K. A. And Wakefield, M. (May, 2006). important in Times of Change. Boston, Ma: Harvard supervision update report Volume 11, No. 5.

Cameron, Esther. (2004). production Sense of convert Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change. London, Gbr: Kogan Page, Limited.

Holy Bible. (1997). King James Version. Grand Raids, Mi: Zondervan Publishing.

Matera, Frank J. (2001). Strategies for Preaching Paul. Collegeville, Mn. The Liturgical Press.

Maxwell, John C. (1993). Developing the Leader within You. Nashville, Tn. Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Park, Eung C. (2003). either Jew of Gentile: Paul's Unfolding Theology of Inclusivity. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press.

Winston, Bruce (2002). Be a Leader for God's Sake. Regent University, School of Leadership Studies. Virginia Beach, Virginia.

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The making ready For Leadership

The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success - The making ready For Leadership

Good morning. Yesterday, I learned all about The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success - The making ready For Leadership. Which could be very helpful in my experience and also you. The making ready For Leadership

Introduction

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The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Success

Generally, people ascribe the success or failure of a leader to their qualification or fitness to lead. For this surmise when leaders are sought in the secular world, the qualifications of the individuals are normally given original considerations. On the contrary, a close exam of the call of great leaders God used in the Bible reveals that God was not primarily involved about qualifications. Eims Leroy, observed that Leaders like Moses, Gideon and Jeremiah openly confessed their inadequacy to perform the task God called them to do.1 If God was seeing for remarkable men then he would not have called them.

Does it then mean that preparations are not essential for Leadership? according to Gottfried Osei-Mensah, there are prerequisites for spiritual leadership.2 This statement implies that some form of preparing is necessary. In addition, it is clear from scripture that every leader that God used had obvious qualities or abilities that were essential in performing their task. This consideration any way poses a question: Were those leaders prepared for their calling or did they just happen to have the qualities God required? With God, things do not happen by chance, therefore the thesis of this description is, those whom God used in the Bible as leaders were all the time prepared for their task.

To expound this thesis statement premium leaders in the Bible are examined. The goal is, first to prove that the leaders were prepared for leadership and second, to settle the nature of the preparing and its significance to the leaders' call.

The following three categories of leaders have been premium for this study:

a) Those whose call and commission came as a surprise to them
b) Those who were mentored by their predecessor
c) Those who assumed leadership as a consequent of a crisis.

Under each leader the presentation will also be divided into three sections:

a) His life history before his call to leadership;
b) His leadership role and achievements;
c) summary of the exact ways he was prepared for leadership. Ultimately an

evaluation would be made and conclusions drawn.

A. Leaders Whose Call And Commission Came As A Surprise

Among the leaders whose call and commission came as a surprise were Moses and Paul. These were leaders who had personal encounter with God whilst they were pursuing their own goals in life. These leaders would now be discussed individually to settle how each of them was prepared for leadership.

Moses

a) His life history before his call to leadership

The Bible, in Exodus chapter 2-5, discusses the life of Moses from the time of his birth to that of his call. according to this section, Moses was born in Egypt by Hebrew parents. But because of an edict by Pharaoh to kill all the Hebrew baby boys, his mom was unable to raise him up from childhood to adulthood. However, by what can be termed divine providence, Howard F. Vos stated that Moses probably spent the first two or three 'years of his life with his own mother.3 The remaining period of his first forty years was spent in the palace as an adopted son of Pharaoh's daughter. Commenting on the years Moses spent in Pharaoh's palace, John C. Maxwell observed that he received the best of what Egypt offered both physically as well as intellectually. Maxwell cited Acts 7:22 which states that Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians and was remarkable in words and deeds.4

In spite of the fact that he was raised up in Pharaoh's palace Moses acknowledged his Hebrew identity. He had to flee Egypt because he killed an Egyptian to protect an oppressed Hebrew. The next forty years of his life he spent in Midian tending the flock of Jethro. It was in Midian, at about 80 years of age that God made the surprised call to him.

b) His leadership role and achievements

In this section the goal is just to make a brief reflection of Moses' main task and achievements. according to John D. Hannah, in his annotation on Exodus, God commissioned Moses to deliver the children of Israel out of Egypt. He showed how that call and commission came as a unblemished surprise to Moses.5 Although God also promised to take the Israelites to a good and spacious land, that commission, according to Hannah, was not given to Moses. To keep his point, he made reference to Stephen's statement about Moses' mission in Acts 7:35-36, implying that there was no indication that Moses was supposed to take the Israelites to the promise land.6 Moses actually complete the task God gave him in spite of all his objections about his inability when God called him. This was because he thorough in faith God's assuring words that he would be with him to perform that mission and also because of his ambition to deliver the Israelites from slavery. Commenting on the aspect of his ambition, Ted Engstrom pointed out that "he never lost sight of his ambition and calling in life which made it possible".7 Throughout his mission these words of assurance had been a motivation for him.

In addition, Maxwell rightly observed, over the procedure of the years in the desert, Moses' leadership improved. He cited Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, as one someone who helped to make that variation in his life.

Moses also complete something else that was not explicitly stated in scripture. D.A. Hubbard, in his description on the Pentateuch said that both Judaism and Christianity thorough without ask the biblical tradition that Moses wrote the Pentateuch.8 These writings had been great materials not just for spiritual purpose but also for academic purpose.

Paul

a) His life history before his call to leadership

According to Act 21:39;22:3, Paul was a native of Tarsus, a city of Cilicia. He was of pure Jewish descent and of the tribe of Benjamin (Phil 3:5). He was a Hebrew and a Pharisee. He spoke Greek and was familiar with Aramaic (Acts 22:2). Paul, learned tent making because it was original that all Jewish boys learn a trade.

In his book, 'Paul the Leader', Oswald J. Sanders made this consideration about Paul: "all the formative years were calculated, to get ready him to be an eminent Pharisee and Rabbi like his great mentor Gamaliel".9 Paul studied under Gamaliel, a remarkable teacher of the law and of the school of Hillel. Sanders also inspect that the school of Hillel embraced a broader and more liberal view in schooling than that of Shammai - the other remarkable school.10 In addition, Sanders stated that unlike the school of Shammai, the school of Hillel was concerned in Greek literature. In that school, Paul learned to use works of Gentile authors. He surpassed his fellow-students in both academic achievements and in zeal for both God and the tradition of his fathers. He was practically a member of the Sanhedrin, the supreme legal and civil court.11

b) His leadership role and achievements

Oswald Sanders, noted that Paul became a great spiritual leader when his heart and mind were captured by Jesus.12 Such statements could not have been made if Paul had not made great achievements in the role God gave him to perform. an additional one writer, Ted E. Engstrom gave the background to Paul's success: "a Jew living in a Greek city, and with a Roman citizenship. Both by birth and training Paul possessed the tenacity of the Jews, the culture of the Greeks and the practicality of the Romans, and these qualities enabled him to adapt to the people among whom he was to move"13. according to Acts chapter 9, when Paul encountered the Lord Jesus he was commissioned to take the gospel message to the gentiles. Records of Paul's accomplishments of his commission can be found in Acts Chapters 13-28. These included missionary journeys to gentile territories, Church planting, training or teaching ministries among the gentiles and successful debates with secular philosophers.

In expanding Paul also wrote thirteen of the New Testament Epistles. In these epistles he dealt with foremost theological concepts like justification, sanctification and the resurrection of Christ. Various portions of defense of the Christian faith against secular philosophies are also included in these epistles. according to 2Tim. 4:7, Paul was sure he complete God's mission for his life when he stated that he has fought the good fight, complete the race and kept the faith.

B. Leaders Who Were Mentored By Their Predecessor

The second categories of leaders to be examined are those who were mentored by their predecessor. Among such leaders are Joshua, who succeeded Moses and Samuel, who succeeded Eli. These two leaders will be examined individually in this section.

Joshua

a) His life history before his call to leadership

The Bible gave a brief house background of Joshua in Exodus 33:11; Num. 1:10. He was the son of Nun, the son of Elishama, head of the tribe of Ephraim. Apart from this background, there is no other information about him before he met Moses. The scriptures gave much focus to Joshua's mentoring association with Moses. This close working association between them can be traced in scripture.

According to exodus 24:13, when Moses went up Sinai to receive the two tablets for the first time Joshua accompanied him part of the way and was the first to meet him on his return (32:17). Also when the Israelites sinned by worshiping the golden calf, Moses moved the tabernacle surface the camp and left the congregation in charge of Joshua. In addition, Joshua was one of the twelve spies sent by Moses to inspect the land of Canaan. It was only after about forty years of mentoring by Moses in the desert that God directed Moses to give Joshua leadership authority over the people.

In his book, 'Leadership Images from the New Testament', David Bennett mentioned four steps in developing a leader from the example of Jesus. These are:

a) To found leaders who have learned to follow
b) To train within the context of personal apprenticeship.
c) To make commitment to the community as well as training for a task.
d) To stress on the spiritual aspects of leadership.14

These four steps can be found in the practically forty years mentoring association between Moses and Joshua. As Engstrom rightly puts it "Moses had the right attitude, when he knew it was time to train someone else for leadership. He was fearful of being a paternal leader and pleaded with God to give the Israelite a successor".15 This might have been one of the reasons why he devoted himself to mentor Joshua.

b) His leadership role and achievements

Joshua's role was made clear to him when he was commissioned as the leader of Israel. His call and commission was mediated straight through Moses. In Numbers 27:12-22 the Lord reminded Moses that he would not enter the promise Land and that Joshua would replace him. Moses obeyed the Lord's instructions and commissioned Joshua before the whole Israelite assembly. This commission kept Joshua in focus throughout his mission and he kept his faith in the one who called him. As Donald K. Campbell rightly observed, Joshua interceded for the nation when the Israelites sinned and were defeated.16 God's mandate was that Joshua would lead the Israelites to the Promise Land and he depended on him to perform that mandate. Commenting on the charge given to Joshua to be strong and courageous in Josh. 1:6, Campbell also said it was an affirmation that God would not let Joshua down.17 any way this may also be seen as an indication that prior to the time he became Israel's leader he had potentials, which he needed to build up in leadership.

Details of how Joshua complete his mission have been recorded in the book of Joshua. The conquest of Canaan was any way not an easy one but Joshua's training as a forces leader and his dependence upon God gave him added advantage. He made mistakes but he learned from his mistakes.

Samuel

a) His life history before his call to leadership

According to John C. Maxwell, Samuel was extra from the time he was born because he was an retort to prayer. He additional commented that, as young child, Samuel was located in the care of Eli the High clergyman and Judge of Israel.18 This revealed that the mentoring association between Eli and Samuel started quite early in Samuel's life. Like Joshua, Samuel stayed in the same place with his mentor. In addition, at a very early age, God began to speak directly to him and that motivated him to reverence and serve God faithfully. The role played by Hannah in initiating this mentoring association should not be overlooked. McChesney and Unger said that it was a vow that Hannah made to dedicate Samuel to the Lord as a Nazarite.19

b) His Leadership Role and Achievements

To great understand and appreciate Samuel's achievements, one should first inspect the religious, political and group situations prior to his assumption to leadership. Eugene H, Merrill rightly observed that "the 300 or so years of the history of Israel under the Judges were marked by political, moral, and spiritual anarchy and deterioration". It was in this background, where all seemed to have failed that Samuel was groomed and also took up leadership.20

With reference to his achievements, "Samuel's level of work on with the people prolonged to growth throughout his lifetime. As a prophet, he was respected because he spoke from God. But in time Samuel also became Israel's Judge, a position similar to that of a king. He was the nation's civil and forces leader. Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life".21 Indeed, only leaders with obvious qualities can perform what Samuel achieved. It was that kind of perfect leadership that God was seeing for in order to address the deteriorating situation in Israel. Israel enjoyed a time of peace while Samuel's reign.

C. Leaders Who Assume Leadership As A consequent Of A Crisis

During the period between the death of Joshua and the start of Samuel's leadership, many people ruled Israel as Judges. All of them came to leadership as a consequent of a crisis need. Gideon and Samson were two of the Judges who ruled Israel at that time. They will be examined in this section, as representatives of the Judges, to settle either they were prepared for their leadership roles.

Gideon

a) His life history before his call to leadership

In Judges chapter 6-8 the Bible gave a brief historic list of Gideon's house background. He was the son of Joash the Abiezrite. He was also of the tribe of Manasseh. One may want to suggest that Gideon had no capability or potential for leadership before he became a leader. This assumption is proved wrong in the light of the angel's greetings to Gideon - "mighty man of valor" (Judg. 6:12). As Joyce Peel rightly said, "the angel calls out his inexpressive qualities which we see developing in the rest of the story".22

It can be seen that Gideon already had faith in God from a ask he asked the angel - where are all the wonders that our fathers told us about when they said, "Did not the lord bring us up out of Egypt?" His parents have made him comprehend that in the past they have depended on God for survival. However, Gideon wanted an assurance that it was the God of his fathers talking to him, so he asked God to give him a sign (:17). Joyce Peel's annotation on Gideon's request is that "it isn't for the sort of sign an unbeliever asks to evade a challenge but for a sign to confirm to a believer who is ready to obey".23 Gideon was convinced that God was speaking to him and based on that fact he responded to the call to meet the Midianite crisis.

b) His Leadership Role and Achievements

Gideon was called to perform a exact role and that was to deliver Israel from the Midianites. He had a clear foresight in mind as to what he had to do. He also believed that he could perform his goal because he had the assurance of God. In expanding he had inner qualities, which gave him sufficient courage to move into action, even though he started at night. Gideon delivered the Israelites from the Midianites' oppression but he first brought them back to faith in God. However, immediately after his death the people turned back to their foreign gods.

Samson

a) His life history before his call to leadership

In Judges chapter 13-16 the Bible gave an list of Samson's life. Samson was the son of Manoah of Zorah and of the tribe of Dan. His birth was foretold to his parents by an angel. They were also told that he would be a Nazarite to God from the womb Iudg. 13:2-5,24). The Bible also says in Judg 3:24-25 that God blessed him and that the spirit of God began to stir him up while he was in Mahaneh Dan. From this list it can be observed that Samson was a man of unusual strength. In Hebrews 11:32 he was recognized as of the great men of faith. while Samson's time the philistines were suppressing the Israelites.

b) His leadership role and achievements

Samson's call and commission was mediated straight through his parents. according to Judges 13:5 he was to start the deliverance of Israel from the hands of the philistines. As John Mazwell rightly points out, "despite his good start, Samson got himself into issue many times, and in the end he complete poorly: he was weak, blind and enslaved by the enemy from whom he was supposed to deliver his people."24 Samson had the chance of becoming a great leader but his despicable character destroyed his leadership.

Conclusion

Three categories of leaders have been examined in this chapter to prove that the people that God called to leadership in the Bible were all the time prepared for their tasks. The first type of leaders were those whose call came as a surprise to them. The second were those who were mentored by their predecessor and the third, were those who responded to a crisis. It was proved that all of these leaders had some form of preparing essential for their single calling. These preparations may come from God, their parents, religious background, formal schooling or a mentor. Therefore one could stop that God does not call any someone to leadership who had not been prepared. God's call or one preparing does not warrant success because the preparing for productive leadership does not end with one's call.

End Notes

1 Eims Leroy, Be The Leader You Were Meant To Be Illinois: Victor Books, 1982), pp 8-13

2 Gottfied Osei-Mensah, Wanted: slave Leadership (Achimota: African Christian Press, 1990), pp 24-32

3 Howard F. Vos. Moses: The New Unger's Bible Dictionary (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1982), p 886.

4 John C. Maxwell, The 21 Most remarkable Minutes In a Leader's Day: Revitalizing Your Spirit and Empowering your Leadership (Nashville: Thomas \nelson Publishers, 2000), p. 300.

5 John D. Hannah, Exodus: The Bible Knowledge annotation (Colorado: Chariot Victor Publishers, 1985), p 112.

6 Ibid, P 121.

7 Ted W. Engstrom, The making of A Christian Leader: How to found supervision and human relations skills (Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1976), P 29.

8 D.A. Hubbard, Pentateuch: The New Bible Dictionary (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1982), p 903.

9 Oswald J. Sanders, Paul the Leader: A foresight for Christian Leadership Today (Eastboume: Kingsway Publication Ltd., 1982), pp 16/17.

10 Ibid, p 17

11 Ibid, p 19

12 Oswald J. Sanders, Spiritual Leadership (Chicago: Moody Press, 1980), p 40.

13 Ted E. Engstrom, The making of Christian Leader: How To found supervision and Human Relations Skills (Zondervan Publishing House, 1976), p 20.

14 David W. Bennett, Leadership Images From The New Testament: A Practical Guide (Carlisle: Om Publishers, 1998), pp 33/4

15 Ted W. Engstrom, The making of a Christian Leader: How to found supervision and human relations skill (Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1976), p 30

16 Donald K. Campbell, Joshua: The Bible Knowledge annotation (Colorado: Chariot Victor Publishing, 1984), p 326.

17 Ibid, P 328.

18 John C. Maxwell, The 21 Most remarkable Minutes In A Leader's Day: Revitalize Your Spirit and empower Your Leadership (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1982), p 67.

19 E. McChesney and Merrill F. Unger, Samuel: The New Unger's Bible Dictionary (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1982), P 1121.

20 Eugene H. Merrill, Samuel: The Bible Knowledge annotation (Colorado: Chariot Victor Publishing, 1985), P 431.

21 John C. Maxwell, The 21 Most remarkable wee in a Leader's Day: Revitalize Your spirit and Empower Your Leadership (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2000), p

22 Joyce Peel, A Journey straight through The Old Testament: The story of God's association with man. Woman and the world (Oxford: The Reading Fellowship, 1993), p 60

23 Ibid, p 60

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